Methods to treat allergic conditions

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are methods to treat allergic conditions, including pulmonary and non-pulmonary conditions, in a subject by administering a composition that inhibits Pim kinase. Also disclosed are methods to treat allergic conditions in a subject by administering a composition that induces expression of Runx3.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/412,194 having a filing date of Nov. 10, 2010, the entire contents ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was supported in part with funding provided by NIH GrantNos. HL-36577, HL-61005 and AI-77609 awarded by the National Institutesof Health. The government of the United States has certain rights tothis invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a novel method for treatingconditions related to allergic disease, such as asthma, airwayhyperresponsivness (AHR) and intestinal allergy by inhibition of Pimkinase as well as by inducing expression of Runx3 (Runt-relatedtranscription factor-3).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Allergic conditions now affect almost 1 in 3 individuals during theirlifetime and pose a major socio-economic burden on society. Theseconditions, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, eosinophilicesophagitis, atopic dermatitis, and intestinal allergy most often have agenetic basis. Genetic susceptibility alone cannot account for theseconditions but gene-environment interactions are responsible for theinduction/inception of an allergic disease and for the maintenance andprogression of the disease. Understanding the mechanisms underlyingthese conditions is central to developing appropriate treatmentstrategies and even preventative interventions. Defining thepathophysiology of these atopic diseases/conditions has, on one handbeen very fruitful, with identification of critical cell-cellinteractions, mediators such as cytokines and chemokines, and uniquesignaling pathways, but direct targeting of many of these circuits hasnot sustained in the clinic. To a large extent this may be the result oftargeting individual downstream processes and not their upstream controlor convergence points. Attempts to block key mediators singly such asanti-histamines, cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) or cells (eosinophils)have had limited success. The primary therapy for treatment of thesediseases/conditions remains corticosteroids, a therapy withoutdownstream specificity but multiple actions upstream in the pathways.Corticosteroids are not immunomodulatory but are anti-inflammatory.Moreover, when stopped, all disease manifestations return. Newtherapeutic approaches are needed, especially those that have thepotential to modify existing disease and prevent progression.

The survival kinases are defined as cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinasesthat phosphorylate substrates which contribute to the control of cellproliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis(Amaravadi, R., et al. 2005. J. Clin Invest 115:2618-2624). Akt is awell-studied survival kinase, in which gene amplifications have beendemonstrated in several cancers (Cheng, J. Q., et al. 1992. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 89:9267-9271; Bellacosa, A. D., et al. 1995. Int J.Cancer 64:280-285; Stahl., J. M., et al. 2004. Cancer Res. 64:7002-7010)and inhibitors assessed for treatment of malignancy (Masure, S. B., etal. 1999. Eur. J. Biochem. 265:353-360; Yang, L., et al. 2004. CancerRes. 64:4394-4399; Kondapaka, S. B., et al. 2003. Mol. Cancer Ther.2:1093-1103). The provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemiavirus (PIM), Pim kinase is another potent survival kinase that has beenimplicated in cell survival through suppression of myc-induced apoptosis(van Lohuizen, M., et al. 1989. Cell 56:673-682). There are threesubtypes of Pim kinases (serine/threonine kinases) that control cellsurvival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (Bachmann, M.,et al. 2005. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37:726-730; Wang, Z., et al.2001. J. Vet. Sci. 2:167-179; Amaravadi R., et al. 2005. J. Clin Invest.115:2618-2624). Pim1 kinase and Pim2 kinase are primarily restricted tohematopoietic cells and Pim3 kinase primarily is expressed in brain,kidney, and mammary tissue (Mikkers, H., et al. 2004. Mol Cell Biol24:6104-6115). Unlike other serine/threonine kinases, these kinases areregulated via JAK/STAT activation driven transcription of the Pim generather than by membrane recruitment and phosphorylation (Fox, C. J., etal. 2005. J. Exp. Med. 201:259-266). Overexpression of Pim kinase hasbeen demonstrated in various human lymphoma, leukemic and prostaticcancers and the role of Pim-induced oncogenic transformation has beenextensively studied in hematopoietic tumors (Amson, R., et al. 1989.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8857-8861; Valdman, A., et al. 2004.Prostrate 60:367-371; Cibull, T. L., et al. 2006. J. Clin. Pathol.59:285-288; Nieborowska-Skorska, M., et al. 2002. Blood 99:4531-4539).Despite intensive studies on the role of Pim kinase in the developmentof tumor cells, the role of Pim kinase in immune cells has been lesswell studied. In human, Pim kinases are expressed in eosinophils, andplay a major role in IL-5-induced eosinophil survival (Temple, R., etal. 2001. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 25:425-433; Andina, N., et al.2009. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 123:603-611). In addition, Pim1expression was increased in eosinophils from BAL fluid compared to bloodfrom asthmatic patients after allergen provocation (Stout, B. A., et al.2004. J. Immunol 173:6409-6417). In a recent study, Pim kinase was alsoshown to promote cell survival in T cells (Fox, C. J., et al. 2005. J.Exp Med. 201:259-266).

Pim1 kinase is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation (WangZ, et al. J Vet Sci. 2001; 2(3):167-179) and has been implicated incytokine-dependent signaling in hematopoietic cells and T cells (Aho TL, et al. BMC Cell Biol. 2006; 7:21-29; Rainio E M, et al. J Immunol.2002; 168(4): 1524-7). It has been showed that Pim1 expression isenhanced during T cell activation in a protein kinase C dependent manner(Wingett D, et al. J Immunol. 1996; 156(2):549-57). Pim1 increased Tcell proliferation by enhancing activity of nuclear factor activatedT-cells (NFAT) thereby increasing IL-2 production in T cells (Rainio EM, et al. J Immunol. 2002; 168(4): 1524-7).

Although it is well known that survival kinases regulate commonsubstrates like Bad or 4EBP1 to induce cell survival and proliferation(Yan, B., et al. 2003. J. Biol. Chem. 278:45358-45367), the downstreamactivities of each kinases are different. To date, the precisedownstream target of Pim kinase is not known. However, c-Myc, suppressorof cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1), PAP-1, PTP-U2S, and heterochromatinprotein 1 (HP-1) all are potential downstream targets of Pim kinase (vanLohuizen, M., et al. 1989. Cell 56:673-682; Chen, X. P., et al. 2002.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:2175-2180; Maita, H., et al. 2000. Eur. J.Biochem. 267:5168-5178; Koike, N., et al. 2000. FEBS Lett 467:17-21;Wang, Z., et al. 2001. Arch Biochem Biophys 390:9-18). Recently, nuclearfactor of activated T-cells (NFATc1) was reported to be a potentialdownstream substrate of Pim kinase (Rainio, E. M. et al. 2002. J.Immunol 168:1524-1527). As the regulation of NFAT activity has beenshown to be important for normal selection of thymocytes, NFAT may playa role in the functional development of T cells (Patra, A. K. 2006. J.Immunol. 177:4567-4576) as well as in the suppression of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ Tcell proliferation and T cell cytokine production as a downstreamsubstrate of Pim kinase.

CD4⁺ T cells play a central role in controlling allergic inflammation(Buss, W. W., et al. 1995. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 152:388-393). CD4⁺T cells, especially Th2 cells producing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, have beenidentified in BAL fluid and airway tissues in asthmatics (Robinson, D.S., et al. 1992. N. Engl J. Med. 326:298-304). The transfer of Th2 cellsfollowed by airway allergen challenge in mice was sufficient to induceairway eosinophilia and AHR (Cohn, L., et al. 1997. J. Exp. Med.186:1731-1747; Hogan, S. P., et al. 1998. J. Immunol. 161:1501-1509).Conversely, CD8⁺ T cells, which are also key components of adaptiveimmunity, have drawn limited attention in the pathogenesis of asthma.However, recent studies demonstrated the increased numbers of CD8⁺ Tcells in the lung tissues of asthmatics (Azzawi, M., et al. 1990. Am.Rev. Respir. Dis. 142:1407-1413) and recent reports suggested that notonly CD4⁺ T cells but also CD8⁺ T cells were essential to thedevelopment of AHR and allergic inflammation (Hamelmann, E., et al.1996. J. Exp Med. 183:1719-1729; Isogai, S., et al. 2004. J. Allergy.Clin. Immunol. 114:1345-1352; Miyahara, N., et al. 2004. J. Immunol.172:2549-2558; Miyahara, N., et al. 2004. Nat. Med. 10:865-869). Subsetsof CD8⁺ T cells, which produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 but not IFN-γ,labeled as Tc2 cells, are known to increase AHR and airway inflammation(Croft, M., et al. 1994. J. Exp Med. 180:1715-1728; Seder, R. A., et al.1992. J. Immunol. 148:1652-1656; Coyle, A. J., et al. 1995. J. Exp. Med.181:1229-1233). Thus, both CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells play key rolesin the pathogenesis of asthma.

Asthma is a multifactorial inflammatory disorder characterized bypersistent airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) as aresult of the cellular and molecular responses induced by allergenexposure, infectious pathogens, or chemical agents (Buss, W. W., et al.2001. N. Engl. J. Med. 344:350-362; Umetsu, D. T., et al. 2002. Nat.Immunol. 3:715-720). Several clinical and experimental investigationshave shown that T cells, especially Th2-type cells, play a pivotal rolein the development of AHR and eosinophilic inflammation through thesecretion of a variety of Th2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13(Wills-Karp, M., et al. 1998. Science 282:2258-2261; Robinson, D. S., etal. 1992. N. Engl. J. Med. 326:298-304). These cytokines bind to theextracellular Janus kinase (JAK) receptors and subsequently induce thephosphorylation and activation of signal transducers and activators oftranscription (STAT), which translocates into the nucleus, where itbinds to DNA and affects basic cell functions, cellular growth,differentiation and death Aaronson, D. S., et al. 2002. Science296:1653-1655.

Knowledge of the pathogenesis of atopic diseases/conditions wasoriginally interpreted within the framework of a binary T helper 1(Th1)/Th2 paradigm. This has now been broadened to incorporate other Tcell subsets. Importantly, the differentiation and commitment of thesepopulations of T cells is shaped by transcriptional circuits that centeron key transcriptional regulators, the proteins that bind DNA toactivate or repress gene expression. Runt-related transcription factors(Runx), are a novel family of transcription factors which are keyregulators of lineage-specific gene expression, and are responsible forthe development of allergic responses (Fainaru, O., et al. 2004. EMBO J.23:969-979; Fainaru, O., et al. 2005. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA102:10598-10603). There are three mammalian Runx genes: Runx1, Runx2,and Runx3. Runx1 is required for hematopoiesis (Okuda, T., et al. 1996.Cell 84:321-330) and Runx2 is critical regulator of osteogenesis (Ducy,P., et al. 1997. Cell 89:747-745). The Runx3 gene resides on humanchromosome 1p36.1 (Levanon, D., et al. 1994. Genomics 23:425-432), whichmaps to a region containing susceptibility genes for asthma (Haagerup,A., et al. 2002. Allergy 57:680-686) and on mouse chromosome 4 (Calabi,F., et al. 1995. Genomics 26:607-610), which contains a susceptibilitygene for atopic dermatitis (Christensen U., et al. 2009. 126:549-557).Runx3 is thought to play a critical role in regulating T-celldevelopment, the differentiation of Th1/Th2 cells and Th1/Th2 cytokineproduction and the development of an allergic disease/condition. It hasbeen reported that Pim1 kinase regulates Runx expression in vitro (Aho TL, et al. BMC Cell Biol. 2006; 7:21-29) and loss of Runx3 results inspontaneous development IBD, as well as allergic asthma (Brenner O, etal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004; 101(45):16016-21; Fainaru O, et al.EMBO J. 2004; 23(4): 969-79). The Runx transcription factors are alsokey regulators of lineage-specific gene expression (Komine O, et al. JExp Med. 2003; 198 (1): 51-61).

Peanut allergy is one of the most common food allergies characterized byacute allergic diarrhea and intestinal inflammation. During an allergicreaction, several cell types, including Th2 cells (T-helper cells), mastcells, and eosinophils, are recruited to the intestine and activated torelease cytokines and chemokines, contributing to increased intestinalinflammation (Kweon M N, et al. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:199-206; Wang M,et al. J. Allergy Clin Immunol 2010, 126 (2): 306-316). CD4⁺T cells(i.e. T cells that express CD4), especially Th2 cells, which are knownto produce interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13), areconsidered critical in the development of allergic diarrhea andintestinal inflammation (Knight A K, et al. Am J Physiol GastrointestLiver Physiol. 2007; 293(6): G1234-43; Kweon M N, et al. J Clin Invest.2000; 106(2): 199-206). In patients with food allergies, increasednumbers of activated T cells have been correlated with elevated levelsof Th2 cytokines as well as the degree of gastrointestinal (GI)inflammation and dysfunction (Eigenmann P A. Pediatr Allergy Immunol2002; 13:162-71; Eigenmann P A, et al. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996; 409:217).It has been shown that after treatment with oral peanut immunotherapy,levels of peanut-specific Th2-cytokine (IL-4 and IL-5) production byperipheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was significantly decreasedin children with peanut anaphylaxis (Blumchen K, et al. J Allergy ClinImmunol. 2010; 126(1):83-91).

More evidence in humans and mice has shown that Th17 cells, a novelsubset of IL-17-producing CD4⁺T cells, play an important role in thepathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases, including asthma andinflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Tesmer L A, et al. Immunol Rev. 2008,223:87-113; Kolls J K and Linden A. Immunity. 2004, 21:467-476). Th17cells exist and are found constitutively in the small intestine of naivemice housed under conventional conditions (Ivanov I I, et al. Cell.2006; 126(6): 1121-33). Increased levels of IL-17A (a member of theIL-17 family) have been found in the small intestine of peanut allergymouse models as well as in the small intestine or in the peripheralblood of food allergy patients (Wang M, et al. J. Allergy Clin Immunol2010, 126 (2): 306-316). The level of IL-17A is associated with theseverity of diarrhea and intestinal inflammation. These data suggestedthat CD4⁺T cells that produce Th2 and Th17 cytokines play an importantrole in food allergy. However, the signal pathway involved in Th2-,Th17-cells responding to allergic food reactions has not been welldefined.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention provides for a method to treat an allergiccondition in a subject having or at risk of having an allergiccondition, comprising administering a composition that inhibits Pim1kinase. In one aspect, administration of the Pim1 kinase inhibitorinduces expression of Runx3. In another aspect, administration of thePim1 kinase inhibitor reduces CD4+ and CD8+ proliferation. In yetanother aspect, administration of the Pim1 kinase inhibitor suppressesTh2 differentiation. In still another aspect, administration of the Pim1kinase inhibitor suppresses Th17 differentiation.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed toward a methodto treat an allergic condition in a subject having or at risk of havingan allergic condition, comprising administering a composition thatinduces expression of Runx3. In one aspect the composition interactswith a regulator of Runx3 expression. In another aspect, the regulatorof Runx3 expression is selected from a Pim kinase, CxCL12, core bindingfactor-beta, transducin-like enhancer protein 1, IL-7, Stat 5, ETS-1,interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4) or other regulators of Runx3. Instill another aspect, the composition inhibits the activity of acompound selected from IRF-4 or Pim kinase. In yet another aspect thecomposition comprises an IRF-4 inhibitor. In a preferred embodiment, thecomposition comprises a Pim kinase inhibitor selected from a Pim1 kinaseinhibitor, a Pim2 kinase inhibitor or a Pim3 kinase inhibitor.

In still another embodiment, the present invention is directed toward amethod to treat an allergic condition in a subject who has or is at riskof having an allergic condition, comprising administering to the subjecta composition that inhibits Pim1 kinase, wherein the allergic conditiondoes not comprise a pulmonary condition. In another aspect the allergiccondition is selected from a food allergy, eosinophilic esophagitis,chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, occupational allergy, allergicconjunctivitis, airborne allergic sensitivities, stinging insectallergy, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's diseaseor drug allergies. In one aspect, the food allergy is a peanut allergy.In one aspect, the Pim1 kinase inhibitor induces expression of Runx3. Inanother aspect, the administration of the Pim1 kinase inhibitor reducesCD4+ and CD8+ proliferation. In yet another aspect, administration ofthe Pim1 kinase inhibitor suppresses Th2 differentiation. In stillanother aspect, administration of the Pim1 kinase inhibitor suppressesTh17 differentiation.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed toward amethod to treat an allergic condition in a subject who has or is at riskof having an allergic condition, comprising administering to the subjecta composition that induces expression of Runx3, wherein the compositiondoes not comprise a Pim kinase inhibitor. In one aspect the compositioninteracts with a regulator of Runx3 expression. In another aspect, theregulator of Runx3 expression is selected from CxCL12, core bindingfactor-beta, transducin-like enhancer protein 1, IL-7, Stat 5, ETS-1,and IRF-4. In still another aspect, the composition inhibits theactivity of IRF-4. In yet another aspect the composition comprises anIRF-4 inhibitor.

In another aspect of the present invention, the composition activatesthe activity of a compound selected from CxCL12, core bindingfactor-beta, transducin-like enhancer protein 1, interleukin-7 (IL-7),Stat 5, or ETS-1. In another aspect, this activator is selected from Gproteins, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), JAK kinases, RhoGTPases, or focal adhesion-associated proteins.

In other embodiments of the present invention, the allergic condition isselected from allergic rhinitis, asthma, airway hyperresponsiveness, afood allergy, eosinophilic esophagitis, chronic urticaria, atopicdermatitis, occupational allergy, allergic conjunctivitis, hay fever,airborne allergic sensitivities, stinging insect allergy,hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic lung diseases, inflammatorybowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or drug allergies. Ina preferred embodiment, the allergic disease is asthma. In still anotheraspect, the allergic disease is rhinitis. In another preferredembodiment, the allergic disease is a food allergy. In still anotherpreferred embodiment, the allergic disease is a peanut allergy.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the methods furtherprovide that the subject has been sensitized to an allergen and has beenexposed to, or is at risk of being exposed to, the allergen. In oneaspect, the allergen is selected from a food, a plant, a gas, apathogen, a metal, a glue or a drug.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the compositioncomprises a compound selected from a small molecule inhibitor, anantibody, a chemical entity, a nucleotide, a peptide or a protein. In apreferred embodiment, the composition comprises a small moleculeinhibitor. In one aspect, the small molecule inhibitor is a Pim kinaseinhibitor selected from a Pim1 kinase inhibitor, a Pim2 kinase inhibitoror a Pim3 kinase inhibitor. In a preferred embodiment, the Pim kinaseinhibitor is a Pim1 kinase inhibitor. In still another aspect the Pim1kinase inhibitor is selected from AR460770 (also referred to as AARY-770and AR00460770), AR440, SimI4A, staurosporine, bisindolymaleimide orother Pim1 kinase inhibitors.

In still another aspect of the present invention, the composition isadministered by a delivery method selected from aerosol delivery,parenteral delivery or oral delivery.

All patents and publications referenced herein are incorporated byreference in their entireties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1E shows data that Pim1 kinase is expressed in the mouse smallintestine. FIG. 1A is a protocol for induction of PE-induced intestinalallergy. FIG. 1B is a western blot analysis of Pim1 kinase expression inthe jejunum from sensitized and challenged mice and control mice. FIG.1C shows the relative mRNA expression levels of Pim family membersdetermined by quantitative RT-PCR. FIG. 1D shows a representativeimmunohistochemical staining for Pim1 and Pim3 kinases in intestinaltissue from PE/PE and control PBS/PE mice. FIG. 1E shows thequantitation of mucosal Pim1 and Pim3 kinase-expressing cells in thejejunum. Results were obtained from 3 independent experiments, and eachexperiment included 4 mice per group (n=12). *P<0.01 between PE/PE andPBS/PE groups. PBS/PE, sham sensitized but PE challenged; PE/PE, PEsensitized and challenged.

FIGS. 2A-2C shows the expression of Runx3 in the mouse small intestine.FIG. 1A shows the relative expression of Runx3, Runx1, and Cbfβ mRNAlevels in the jejunum of sensitized and challenged mice determined byquantitative RT-PCR. FIG. 2B is a western blot analysis of Runx3 proteinlevels in the jejunum of sensitized and challenged mice and controlmice. FIG. 2C shows the quantitation of mucosal Runx3-expressing cellnumbers in the jejunum of PBS/PE and PE/PE mice. Results arerepresentative of 3 independent experiments, and each experimentincluded 4 mice per group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, #P<0.001 between PE/PE andPBS/PE groups. PBS/PE, nonsensitized but challenged with PE group;PE/PE, sensitized and challenged with PE group.

FIGS. 3A-3G shows inhibition of Pim1 kinase reduces intestinalresponses. FIG. 3A shows the kinetics of development of diarrheaassessed 30 minutes after the last challenge in mice treated with orwithout AR460770. FIG. 3B shows the symptom scores as assessed 30minutes after oral challenge. FIG. 3C shows the plasma levels ofhistamine as assessed within 30 minutes after the last oral challenge.FIG. 3D shows the quantitation of mucosal mast cell numbers in thejejunum using chloroacetate esterase staining. FIG. 3E shows thequantitation of mucosal eosinophil numbers in the jejunum usingimmunohistochemistry and anti-MBP antibody. FIG. 3F shows thequantitation of mucosal goblet cells numbers in the jejunal epitheliumby PAS staining 24 hrs after the last challenge. For mast cells andeosinophils, results are expressed as the number of chloroacetateesterase- or anti-major basic protein-stained cells per squaremillimeter of lamina propria, respectively. For goblet cells, the numberof PAS⁺ cells was divided by the total number of epithelial cells in thevilli. FIG. 3G shows the quantitative analysis of numbers of CD4 and CD8T cells in jejunal tissue. Results were obtained from 3 independentexperiments, and each experiment included 4 mice per group. #P<0.01between PBS/PE/vehicle and PE/PE/vehicle groups. *P<0.01, **P<0.001comparing vehicle-treated with AR460770-treated sensitized andchallenged mice.

FIGS. 4A-4C shows the effect of inhibition of Pim1 kinase on cytokinesand transcription factor expression. FIG. 4A shows the quantitativeRT-PCR analysis of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine mRNA expression in thejejunum of PBS/PE/vehicle mice and PE/PE mice treated with AR460770 orvehicle. FIG. 4B shows the key transcription factors for Th1, Th2, andTh17 cytokine expression levels in the jejunum of PBS/PE/vehicle miceand PE/PE mice treated with AR460770 or vehicle. Relative mRNAexpression levels of T-bet, ROG, GATA3, NFATc1, and RORγt in the jejunumdetermined by quantitative RT-PCR. FIG. 4C shows the percentage ofIFN-γ⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺, IL-4⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺, IL-13⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺ and IL-17A⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺ cellsin the MLN of PBS/PE/vehicle mice and PE/PE mice treated with theinhibitor or vehicle. The data shown are representative of 3 independentexperiments. #P<0.05; ##P<0.01 between PBS/PE/vehicle and PE/PE/vehiclegroups (n=12). *P<0.05; **P<0.01 between PE/PE mice treated withAR460770 (100 mg/kg) and vehicle.

FIGS. 5A-5D show Pim1 kinase regulates Runx3 transcription factorexpression in intestine. FIG. 5A shows Runx3 protein is upregulated byPim1 kinase inhibitor treatment in the jejunum of PE/PE mice.Representative Western blots show Runx3 in jejunal extracts fromPBS/PE/vehicle mice and PE/PE mice treated with or without AR460770analyzed for the expression of Runx3, β-actin was used as a loadingcontrol. A representative of 3 independent experiments is shown. FIG. 5Bshows the quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the induction of Runx mRNAexpression in the jejunum of PBS/PE/vehicle mice and PE/PE mice treatedwith or without AR460770. FIG. 5C shows the quantitation of mucosalRunx3-positive cell numbers in the jejunum. Results are expressed as thenumber of Runx3-stained cells per square millimeter of lamina propria.Results are from 3 independent experiments with 4 mice per group.#P<0.01 between PBS/PE/vehicle and PE/PE/vehicle groups. *P<0.01 betweenPE/PE mice treated with AR460770 and control vehicle. FIG. 5D: Runx1,Runx3 and Cbf β (core binding factor beta; a transcriptionalco-activator that is known to enhance DNA-binding of Runx proteins) mRNAexpression was detected in the intestine of mice. Non-sensitized peanutchallenged mice are indicated by “PBS/PE”. Sensitized-peanut challengedmice are indicated by “PE/PE” and peanut challenged mice treated withthe Pim1 kinase inhibitor is indicated as “PE/PE+AR770”: 1 mg/kg, 10mg/kg, 30 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg.

FIGS. 6A-6E show Pim1 kinase inhibitor modulates Runx3 expression andsuppresses the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into the Th2 andTh17 lineage in vitro. FIG. 6A shows the cell proliferation reported asnumber of cells. FIG. 6B shows the cell proliferation as measured by³H-thymidine incorporation (cpm) and expressed as a % of thevehicle-treated group. FIG. 6C shows the levels of cytokine productionin the supernatants of cultured CD4 T cells. CD4 T cells were culturedunder Th1, Th2, and Th17 polarizing conditions in the presence orabsence of the inhibitor for 6 days after which the cells werestimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 for 24 hrs and supernatants werecollected and assayed for cytokines by ELISA. FIG. 6 D shows Pim1 kinaseregulates Runx3 and cell-specific transcription factor mRNA expressionin naive CD4 T cells differentiated in vitro into Th2 or Th17 cells asshown by quantitative RT-PCR. FIG. 6E shows a western blot analysis ofRunx3 protein levels in the polarized Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. Thecells were cultured as previously described in FIG. 6C and on day 6cells were lysed and processed for Western blot analysis withanti-Runx3. β-actin was used as a loading control. A representativeWestern blot from one of 3 similar experiments is shown. For otherpanels, results are from 3 independent experiments, 4 mice/group (n=12).*P<0.05; **P<0.01 comparing vehicle-treated and AR460770 treated-cells.NS: nonsignificant comparing vehicle-treated and AR460770 treated-cells.

FIGS. 7A-7B show the expression levels of Pim1 kinase in lungs followingOVA sensitization and challenge. Pim1 kinase levels were determined byWestern blot in lungs of mice which were sensitized and challenged withOVA or received sham sensitization and OVA challenge. Expression levelswere examined at three time points: 6 hrs after the second OVAchallenge, 6 hrs after the third OVA challenge, and 24 hrs after thirdOVA challenge. Experiments were repeated at least 3 times. GAPDH wasused as a loading control (FIG. 7A) and the average optical densitometrywas expressed by standardizing to total ERK (FIG. 7B).

FIGS. 8A-8E show the effect of Pim1 kinase inhibition on airwayresponses following primary allergen challenge. The effects of a Pim1kinase inhibitor were determined in the primary allergen challengemodel. (FIG. 8A) Changes in pulmonary resistance (RL) in response toincreasing doses of methacholine (MCh), (FIG. 8B) Cell composition inBAL fluid. Macro; macrophages, Lympho; lymphocytes, Eos; eosinophils,Neu; neutrophils. (FIG. 8C) BAL fluid cytokine levels. (FIG. 8D) Lungtissue histology following staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and(FIG. 8E) periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Quantitative analysis ofinflammatory and PAS⁺ cells in lung tissue was performed as described inMaterials and Methods. Mice were sham sensitized followed by OVAchallenge (PBS/OVA) or sensitized and challenged with OVA (OVA/OVA).Pim1 inhibitor, AR00460770, was administered at doses of 1, 10, 30, or100 mg/kg. Control groups received vehicle. (n=8). *p<0.05; compared toOVA/OVA vehicle. #p<0.05; compared to PBS/OVA vehicle. **p<0.05;compared to OVA/OVA AR00460770 1 mg/kg. ##p<0.05; compared to PBS/OVAAR00460770 30 mg/kg.

FIGS. 9A-9E show the effect of Pim1 kinase inhibition on airwayresponses in the secondary allergen challenge model. The effects of Pim1kinase inhibition were determined in the secondary allergen challengemodel. (FIG. 9A) Changes in pulmonary resistance (RL) in response toincreased dose of methacholine (MCh), (FIG. 9B) Cell composition in BALfluid, (FIG. 9C) BAL fluid cytokine levels, (FIG. 9D) lung tissuehistology following staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and (FIG.9E) periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Quantitative analysis of inflammatoryand goblet cells was as described in Materials and Methods. Mice weresham sensitized followed by OVA challenge (PBS/OVA) or sensitized andchallenged with OVA (OVA/OVA). Pim1 inhibitor was administered at dosesof 1, 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg. Control groups received vehicle. (n=8).*p<0.05; compared to OVA/OVA vehicle or OVA/OVA AR00460770 1 mg/kg.#p<0.05 compared to OVA/OVA AR00460770 10 mg/kg. **p<0.05 compared toOVA/OVA vehicle or OVA/OVA AR00460770 1 mg/kg.

FIG. 10 shows the effects of Pim kinase inhibition on numbers of CD4⁺and CD8⁺ T cells. In OVA sensitized and challenged mice, the numbers ofCD4⁺ T cells (CD4) and CD8⁺ T cells (CD8) in the lungs of mice treatedwith a Pim1 kinase inhibitor (OVA/OVA AR00460770) or vehicle (OVA/OVAvehicle) were determined. MNCs isolated from lungs were stained withanti-CD3, anti-CD4, and anti-CD8 for flow cytometry analysis asdescribed in Materials and Methods. The data shown were representativeof 3 independent experiments. *p<0.05 compared to vehicle.

FIGS. 11A-11C show the effect of Pim1 kinase inhibition on cellproliferative responses and cytokine production from CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ Tcells. Purified spleen CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were preincubated with thePim1 kinase inhibitor followed by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation.FIG. 11A shows the cell proliferation assays carried out 24 hrs afteranti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation and calculated from the uptake oftritium-labeled thymidine. (n=8). FIG. 11B shows the quantitation ofcytokine levels in supernates from anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulated CD4⁺and in FIG. 11C CD8⁺ T cells. CPM; count per minutes. *p<0.05; comparedto vehicle-treated cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to methods of treating anallergic condition in a subject who has or who is at risk of having theallergic condition. In a preferred embodiment, the method comprisesadministering a composition that inhibits Pim1 kinase. In still anotherpreferred embodiment, the method comprises administering a compositionthat induces Runx3 expression.

The inventors have identified a critical role of Pim1 kinase in thedevelopment of allergic conditions. In particular, inhibition of Pim1kinase effectively reduces the development of a full spectrum ofallergen-induced responses, including lung inflammatory responses andintestinal inflammatory response at least in part through limiting theexpansion and activities of effector CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. As such,inhibition of Pim1 kinase expression and/or activity represents a noveltherapeutic target in the treatment of various allergic conditions.

The inventors have also identified a critical role of Runx3 in thedevelopment of allergic conditions. In particular, loss of Runx3 resultsin the development of atopy. In addition, the inventors have determinedthat Runx3 mRNA and protein levels are decreased following allergensensitization and challenge. In turn, Runx3 mRNA and protein levels areincreased when tolerance to an inciting allergen is induced and isassociated with decreased mast cell, eosinophil, and goblet cellaccumulation in the tissues as well as decreases in Th2 cytokineproduction, thus providing that Runx3 plays an important role inregulating the development of allergy.

More particularly, the inventors have shown that Pim1 kinase isessential to the development of peanut-induced intestinal allergy.Inhibition of Pim1 kinase prevented peanut-induced diarrhea andintestinal inflammation in vivo as well as impairing Th2 or Th17 celldifferentiation in vitro by enhancing Runx3 expression and repressingnuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) expression(the transcriptional activity of NFATc1 is enhanced by Pim1 kinase(Wang, M., et al. 2010. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 126:306-316).

In addition the inventors have determined that following administrationof a Pim1 kinase inhibitor to sensitized and challenged mice, all of theclinical manifestations of the disease/condition and the accumulation ofmast cells, and eosinophils in the tissues were prevented. Inparticular, the decreases in Runx3 expression were also prevented.Therefore, the data identify the transcription factor Runx3 as anupstream convergence point involved in the regulation of atopydevelopment and is responsible for the protection against diseasethrough induction of tolerance. Targeting the regulation of Runx3expression represents a novel approach for the prevention of allergicconditions and inhibition of Pim1 kinase expression and/or activity is ameans for achieving repression of allergic responses through induction(i.e. upregulation) or sustaining expression of Runx3.

As described in the examples below, together with results whichdemonstrate the reduction of both Th2 and Th1 cytokines in BAL fluid andthe reduction of both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells following Pim inhibitortreatment, concerns that the suppressive effects of Pim kinaseinhibition on allergen-induced airway responses were due to its toxiceffects on immune cells were considered. However, as the cell numbersand viability were not altered in in vitro cultures of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ Tcells with up to 10 μM of the inhibitor, the effects on airway responseswere not likely induced by drug-mediated cell toxicity. Furthermore, Piminhibitor treatment in sham-sensitized but OVA-challenged mice did notalter airway responsiveness to MCh, further indicating that the Piminhibitor did not exhibit toxic effects on lung resident cells,including airway smooth muscle.

In addition, the inventors have determined that Pim1 kinase inhibitionalters the activities of the CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T effector cells in airways,and determined that the numbers of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in the lungsare dramatically decreased in Pim inhibitor-treated, sensitized andchallenged mice. Further, in in vitro experiments Pim inhibitortreatment demonstrates suppressive effects on the cell proliferation ofCD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in response to stimulation with anti-CD3 andanti-CD28. These results show that the of inhibition of Pim1 kinaselimits responses through interference with the expansion of criticaleffector cells, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in the airways, and possiblyeosinophils.

According to the present invention, allergic conditions, include but arenot limited to pulmonary conditions such as allergic rhinitis, asthma,airway hyperresponsiveness, and hay fever as well as other allergicconditions including but not limited to a food allergy, eosinophilicesophagitis, chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, occupational allergy,allergic conjunctivitis, airborne allergic sensitivities, stinginginsect allergy, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic lungdiseases, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn'sdisease and drug allergies. More specifically, symptoms of theallergies, including but not limited to diarrhea and intestinalinflammation as well as asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness, isapparently or obviously, directly or indirectly triggered by an allergento which a subject has previously been sensitized. Sensitization to anallergen refers to being previously exposed one or more times to anallergen such that an immune response is developed against the allergen.Responses associated with an allergic reaction (e.g., histamine release,edema, vasodilatation, bronchial constriction, airway inflammation,airway hyperresponsiveness, asthma, allergic rhinitis (hay fever), nasalcongestion, sneezing, running nose, skin rash, diarrhea including acuteallergic diarrhea and intestinal inflammation), typically do not occurwhen a naive subject is exposed to the allergen for the first time, butonce a cellular and humoral immune response is produced against theallergen, the subject is “sensitized” to the allergen. Allergicreactions then occur when the sensitized individual is re-exposed to thesame allergen (e.g., an allergen challenge). Once a subject issensitized to an allergen, the allergic reactions can become worse witheach subsequent exposure to the allergen, because each re-exposure notonly produces allergic symptoms, but further increases the level ofantibody produced against the allergen and the level of T cell responseagainst the allergen.

According to the present invention, inflammation is characterized by therelease of inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines or chemokines) whichrecruit cells involved in inflammation to a tissue. A condition ordisease associated with allergic inflammation is a condition or diseasein which the elicitation of one type of immune response (e.g., aTh2-type immune response) against a sensitizing agent, such as anallergen, can result in the release of inflammatory mediators thatrecruit cells involved in inflammation in a subject, the presence ofwhich can lead to tissue damage and sometimes death. A Th2-type immuneresponse is characterized in part by the release of cytokines whichinclude IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-17. The present invention isparticularly useful for treating allergen-induced food allergies (suchas peanut allegories) and airway hyperresponsiveness and airwayinflammation, including, allergen-induced asthma and rhinitis.

Accordingly, various embodiments of the present invention includetreating a patient that has been sensitized to an allergen and has beenor is at risk of becoming exposed to the allergen. Such allergens can berelated to a food, a plant, a gas, a pathogen, a metal, a glue or adrug. Examples of food allergens include but are not limited togroundnuts such as peanuts; nuts from trees including Brazilian nuts,hazelnuts, almonds, walnuts; fruit, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, wheat,or gluten. Examples of plant allergens include but are not limited topollen, trees, grass, weeds, ragweed, poison Oak or poison ivy. Examplesof gas allergens include but are not limited to environmental tobaccosmoke, and carbon monoxide. Examples of pathogen allergens include butare not limited to mold, viruses or bacteria. Examples of metalallergens include but are not limited to lead, nickel, chromate, orcobalt. Examples of drug allergens include but are not limited topenicillin, sulfur, or aspirin. Additional allergens include but are notlimited to latex, dust mites, pet dander (skin flakes), droppings fromcockroaches, rodents and other pests or insects.

According to the present invention, “airway hyperresponsiveness” or“AHR” refers to an abnormality of the airways that allows them to narrowtoo easily and/or too much in response to a stimulus capable of inducingairflow limitation. AHR can be a functional alteration of therespiratory system resulting from inflammation in the airways or airwayremodeling (e.g., such as by collagen deposition). Airflow limitationrefers to narrowing of airways that can be irreversible or reversible.Airflow limitation or airway hyperresponsiveness can be caused bycollagen deposition, bronchospasm, airway smooth muscle hypertrophy,airway smooth muscle contraction, mucous secretion, cellular deposits,epithelial destruction, alteration to epithelial permeability,alterations to smooth muscle function or sensitivity, abnormalities ofthe lung parenchyma and infiltrative diseases in and around the airways.Many of these causative factors can be associated with inflammation. AHRcan be triggered in a patient with a condition associated with the abovecausative factors by exposure to a provoking agent or stimulus. Suchstimuli include, but are not limited to, an allergen.

According to the present invention, treatment of a subject having anallergic condition can commence as soon as it is recognized (i.e.,immediately) by the subject or by a clinician that the subject has beenexposed or is about to be exposed to an allergen. Treating the subjectcan comprise administering a composition including but not limited to asmall molecule inhibitor, an antibody, a chemical entity, a nucleotide,a peptide or a protein that inhibits Pim kinase. Inhibiting Pim kinaseincludes both direct inhibition of the kinase as well as inhibition ofthe expression of the kinase. Inhibition of a Pim kinase can be by anymechanism, including, without limitations, decreasing activity of thePim kinase, increasing inhibition of Pim kinase, degradation of Pimkinase, a reduction or elimination of expression of Pim kinase. Forexample, the action of Pim kinase can be decreased by blocking orreducing the production of Pim kinase, “knocking out” the gene encodingPim kinase, reducing Pim kinase activity, or inhibiting the activity ofPim kinase. Additionally, binding to Pim kinase to prevent its wild-typeenzymatic activity, including competitive and noncompetitive inhibition,inhibiting transcription, and regulating expression can also inhibit Pimkinase. Small molecule inhibitors include but are not limited to a Pim1kinase inhibitor, a Pim2 kinase inhibitor, and a Pim3 kinase inhibitor.Various Pim1 kinase inhibitors include but are not limited to AR460770(also referred to as AR00460770, ARRY770 and AR770; ARRAY Biopharma),AR440 (ARRAY Biopharma), SimI4A, staurosporine, bisindolylmaleimide ortriazolopyridine Pim kinase inhibitor compounds (as described forexample in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. US2011/014485 andUS2011/0144100). In one embodiment an antibody prevents or inhibitsexpression and/or activity of a Pim kinase. In one aspect, the antibodyprevents or inhibits expression and/or activity of Pim1 kinase.

In accordance with the present invention, acceptable protocols toadminister the composition including the route of administration and theeffective amount of the composition to be administered to a subject canbe determined by those skilled in the art. The composition of thepresent invention can be administered in vivo or ex vivo. Suitable invivo routes of administration can include, but are not limited to,aerosol, oral, nasal, inhaled, topical, intratracheal, transdermal,rectal, or parenteral routes. Preferred parenteral routes can include,but are not limited to, subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous,intramuscular, or intraperitoneal routes.

According to the present invention, Pim1 kinase inhibitors are able toinduce expression of Runx3. These inhibitors also reduce expression ofCD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell proliferation and have the ability to suppress Th2differentiation and/or Th17 differentiation. The administration of aPim1 kinase inhibitor prevents the development of AHR, airwayinflammation and BAL cytokine production in subjects (for example mice)sensitized and challenged to allergen and attenuates the consequences ofsecondary challenges in previously sensitized and challenged subjects.These suppressive effects are manifested on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

In one embodiment, the method of treating an allergic condition cancomprise administering a composition comprising a compound thatinteracts with a regulator of Runx3 expression (mRNA or proteinexpression). Examples of a regulator include but are not limited to aPim kinase. Other examples include transcriptional factors andregulators such as CxCL12 (chemokine (C—X—C motif) ligand 12), corebinding factor-beta (CBFbeta, also known as polyomavirus enhancerbinding protein 2 beta and is known to form a heterodimer with Runx1),transducin-like enhancer protein 1 (TLE1, a transcriptional co-repressorthat is known to bind Runx1 and Runx3), interleukin-7 (IL-7), signaltransducer and activator of transcription 5A (Stat 5), ETS-1, interferonregulatory factor 4 (IRF-4; known to be important in the regulation ofinterferons in response to infection by viruses and is also lymphocytespecific and negatively regulates Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalingthat is central to the activation of innate and adaptive immuneresponses) or demethylating agents. In a preferred embodiment, thecomposition inhibits the activity of a compound such as Pim kinase andIRF4. Pim kinases include but are not limited to Pim1 kinase, Pim2kinase, Pim3 kinase or a combination. In a preferred embodiment, the Pimkinase is Pim1 kinase. In another aspect, the compound is an antibodyincluding but not limited to anti-CxCL12, anti-CBFbeta, anti-TLE1,anti-IL-7, anti-Stat 5, anti-ETS-1 or anti-IRF-4.

In another embodiment, the regulator that is capable of inducing Runx3expression of the present invention may be a Pim kinase inhibitor. ThePim kinase inhibitor includes but is not limited to Pim1 kinaseinhibitor, Pim2 kinase inhibitor or Pim3 kinase inhibitor. In apreferred embodiment, the Pim kinase inhibitor is a Pim1 kinaseinhibitor. Examples of Pim kinase inhibitors include but are not limitedtoAR460770 (also referred to as AR00460770, ARRY 770 and AR770; ARRAYBiopharma), AR440 (ARRAY Biopharma), SimI4A, staurosporine,bisindolylmaleimide or triazolopyridine Pim kinase inhibitor compounds.

In still another embodiment of the present invention, the compositioncomprises an regulator that is an activator that increases expression ofRunx3. The activators include but are not limited to G proteins,phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), JAK kinases, Rho GTPases or focaladhesion-associated proteins.

According to the methods of the present invention, an effective amountof a composition to administer to a subject comprises an amount that iscapable of inhibiting expression and/or activity of Pim1 kinase and/orinducing Runx3 expression (mRNA and/or protein) without being toxic tothe subject. An amount that is toxic to a subject comprises any amountthat causes damage to the structure or function of a subject (i.e.,poisonous).

In addition, according to the present invention, the composition cancomprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. According to thepresent invention, the composition, may be administered with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which includes pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients and/or delivery vehicles, for delivering the agentto a subject (e.g., a liposome delivery vehicle). As used herein, apharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to any substance suitable fordelivering a therapeutic composition useful in the method of the presentinvention to a suitable in vivo or ex vivo site. Preferredpharmaceutically acceptable carriers are capable of maintaining thecomposition of the present invention in a form that, upon arrival of thecomposition to a target cell, the composition is capable of entering thecell and inhibiting Pim1 kinase and/or inducing Runx3 expression (mRNAand/or protein) in the cell. Suitable excipients of the presentinvention include excipients or formularies that transport or helptransport, but do not specifically target a nucleic acid molecule to acell (also referred to herein as non-targeting carriers). Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited towater, phosphate buffered saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution,serum-containing solutions, Hank's solution, other aqueousphysiologically balanced solutions, oils, esters and glycols. Aqueouscarriers can contain suitable auxiliary substances required toapproximate the physiological conditions of the recipient, for example,by enhancing chemical stability and isotonicity.

Suitable auxiliary substances include, for example, sodium acetate,sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride,and other substances used to produce phosphate buffer, Tris buffer, andbicarbonate buffer. Auxiliary substances can also include preservatives,such as thimerosal, m- or o-cresol, formalin and benzol alcohol.Compositions of the present invention can be sterilized by conventionalmethods and/or lyophilized.

According to the methods of the present invention, the subject can beany animal subject, and particularly, in any vertebrate mammal,including, but not limited to, primates, rodents, livestock or domesticpets. Preferred mammals for the methods of the present invention includehumans.

Another embodiment of the present invention, the present invention isdirected toward a method to treat an allergic condition in a subject whohas or is at risk of having an allergic disease, comprisingadministering to the subject a composition that inhibits Pim1 kinase,wherein the allergic condition is not a pulmonary condition. In oneaspect, the allergic condition can be a food allergy, eosinophilicesophagitis, chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, occupational allergy,allergic conjunctivitis, airborne allergic sensitivities, stinginginsect allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn'sdisease or drug allergies. In another aspect, the food allergy is apeanut allergy. In yet another aspect, the subject has been sensitizedto an allergen and has been exposed to, or is at risk of being exposedto, the allergen. In one aspect, the allergen is selected from a food, aplant, a gas, a pathogen, a metal, a glue or a drug. In another aspect,the composition comprises a compound selected from a small moleculeinhibitor, an antibody, a chemical entity, a nucleotide, a peptide or aprotein. In one aspect, the small molecule inhibitor can be a Pim kinaseinhibitor selected from a Pim1 kinase inhibitor, a Pim2 kinase inhibitorand a Pim3 kinase inhibitor. In a preferred aspect, the Pim kinaseinhibitor is a Pim1 kinase inhibitor. In still another aspect the Pim1kinase inhibitor is selected from AA460770, AR440, SimI4A,staurosporine, bisindolymaleimide or triazolopyridine Pim kinaseinhibitor compounds. In one aspect, the Pim1 kinase inhibitor inducesexpression of Runx3. In another aspect, the Pim1 kinase inhibitorreduces CD4+ and CD8+ proliferation. In yet another aspect, the Pim1kinase inhibitor suppresses Th2 differentiation. In still anotheraspect, the Pim1 kinase inhibitor suppresses Th17 differentiation.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed toward amethod to treat an allergic condition in a subject who has or is at riskof having an allergic disease, comprising administering to the subject acomposition that induces expression of Runx3, wherein the compositiondoes not comprise a Pim kinase inhibitor. In one aspect the compositioninteracts with a regulator of Runx3 expression. In another aspect, theregulator of Runx3 expression is selected from CxCL12, core bindingfactor-beta, transducin-like enhancer protein 1, IL-7, Stat 5, ETS-1,and IRF-4. In still another aspect, the composition inhibits theactivity of IRF-4. In yet another aspect the composition comprises anIRF-4 inhibitor. In another aspect, the allergic condition can beallergic rhinitis, asthma, airway hyperresponsiveness, a food allergy,eosinophilic esophagitis, chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis,occupational allergy, allergic conjunctivitis, hay fever, airborneallergic sensitivities, stinging insect allergy, hypersensitivitypneumonitis, eosinophilic lung diseases, inflammatory bowel disease,ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and drug allergies. In anotheraspect, the subject has been sensitized to an allergen and has beenexposed to, or is at risk of being exposed to, the allergen. In oneaspect, the allergen is selected from a food, a plant, a gas, apathogen, a metal, a glue or a drug.

While various embodiments of the present invention have been describedin detail, it is apparent that modifications and adaptations of thoseembodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. It is to beexpressly understood, however, that such modifications and adaptationsare within the scope of the present invention, as set forth in thefollowing exemplary claims.

The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes, and arenot intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed herein. Anyvariations which occur to the skilled artisan are intended to fallwithin the scope of the present invention. All references cited in thepresent application are incorporated by reference herein to the extentthat there is no inconsistency with the present disclosure.

EXAMPLES Materials and Methods for Examples 1-7 Described Below

Mice: Five- to 6-week-old female wild-type (WT) BALB/cByJ mice werepurchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.).

Preparation of peanut protein: Crude peanut extract (PE) was preparedfrom defatted raw flours (Golden Peanut Company, Alpharetta, Ga.) aspreviously described (Wang, M., et al. 2010. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.126:306-316).

Sensitization and intragastric challenge: The experimental protocol forsensitization and challenge to peanut as described (Wang, M., et al.2010. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 126:306-316) (FIG. 1A).

Assessment of hypersensitivity reactions: Anaphylactic symptoms wereevaluated 30 minutes after the oral challenge, as reported (Li, X. M.,et al. 2000. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 106:150-158). Scoring of symptomswas performed in a blinded manner by an independent observer.

Histology: The jejunum was fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin,and cut into 5-μm sections for immunohistochemical analysis.

Cytokines levels in tissue and cell culture: The preparation ofintestine homogenates and analyses were performed as described (Wang,M., et al. 2010. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 126:306-316).

Measurement of peanut-specific antibody: Serum peanut-specific IgE,IgG1, and IgG2a levels were measured by ELISA, as described (Li, X. M.,et al. 2000. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 106:150-158).

Histamine levels in plasma: Levels of histamine in plasma were measuredusing an enzyme immunoassay histamine kit (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton,Calif.), as described by the manufacturer. The concentration ofhistamine was calculated from a standard curve provided by themanufacturer.

T-cell differentiation and treatment with the Pim1 kinase inhibitor invitro: Differentiation of Th1, Th2, or Th17 cells were performed asdescribed (Komine, O., et al. 2003. J. Exp. Med. 198:51-61; Ashino, S.,et al. 2010. Intl Immunol. 22:503-513).

Western blot analysis: Proteins were prepared from jejunal tissue andcultured cells were lysed as described (Wang, M., et al. 2010. J.Allergy Clin. Immunol. 126:306-316; Ohnishi, H., et al. 2008. J. AllergyClin Immunol. 121:864-871).

Quantitative real-time PCR: RNA was extracted from jejunal tissuehomogenates or from CD4 T cells cultured in vitro using Trizol(Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol. cDNA wasgenerated using the iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules, Calif.). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on the ABIPrism 7300 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City,Calif.). Primers and probes for murine IL4, IL6, IL13, IL17A, IFNg,Pim1, Pim2, Pim3, Runx1, Runx3, CBFβ, T-bet, ROG (repressor of Gata3),GATA3, NFATc1, RORγt, and GAPDH were purchased as Tagman Gene ExpressionAssays from Applied Biosystems. Fold change was calculated using theDelta Delta cycle threshold (ΔΔC_(T)) method.

Intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry: Cells from MLN ordifferentiated CD4 T cells were labeled with anti-CD3 and anti-CD4antibodies (eBiosciences). For intracellular staining, MLN cells ordifferentiated CD4 T cells were stimulated with 5 ng/ml PMA and 500ng/ml ionomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) for 6 hrs in the presence of 10 mg/mlbrefeldin A (Sigma-Aldrich). Following staining for cell surfacemarkers, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS, permeabilizedwith 0.1% saponin, and stained for intracytoplasmic IL-4, IL-13, IL-17A,and IFN-γ using antibodies from BD Biosciences. Stained cells wereanalyzed on FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences) using CellQuest software (BDBiosciences).

Cell proliferation: Th1-, Th2-, or Th17-polarized CD4 T cells wereincubated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (eBioscience) at 37° C. for 24hrs. To monitor the degree of cell proliferation, ³H-thymidine(PerkinElmer, Boston, Mass.) was added to the cultures for another 6 hrsprior to harvesting the cells and incorporation was measured in a liquidscintillation counter (Packard Bioscience Company, Meriden, Conn.).

Cell viability and apoptosis: Cell viability was determined using trypanblue exclusion assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometryusing surface staining with 7AAD and annexin V (BD Biosciences).

Statistical analysis: ANOVA was used to determine the levels ofdifference between all groups. Comparisons for all pairs utilized theTukey Kramer highest significance difference test. P values forsignificance were set at 0.05. All results were expressed as themean±SEM.

Example 1

This example shows that Pim1 kinase is upregulated in the smallintestine of peanut sensitized and challenged mice.

Pim1 kinase protein expression was increased in the jejunum of PEsensitized and challenged mice (FIG. 1B). Pim1 kinase mRNA levels were2-fold higher in the jejunum of PE sensitized and challenged mice (FIG.1C); Pim2 and Pim3 mRNA levels were not altered following sensitizationand challenge. Pim1 was expressed predominantly in the lamina propria ofjejunal tissues of sensitized and challenged mice and the numbers ofpositive cells were increased by approximately 5-fold in PE sensitizedand challenged mice (FIGS. 1D, 1E). The numbers of Pim3-positive cellswere lower with little alteration following PE sensitization andchallenge.

Example 2

This example shows that Runx3 is downregulated in the small intestine ofpeanut sensitized and challenged mice.

Runx3 associates with Pim1 and catalytically active Pim1 kinaseregulates the transcriptional activity of Runx3 (Aho, T. L., et al.2006. BMC Cell Biol. 7:21-29). Runx3 and Runx/core binding factor β(Cbfβ) mRNA levels were decreased in the small intestine of PEsensitized and challenged mice. The levels of Runx3 and Cbfβ mRNA butnot Runx1 were approximately 2-fold lower in the jejunum of PEsensitized and challenged mice compared to control mice (FIG. 2A). Inparallel, Runx3 protein expression was also decreased in the jejunum ofPE sensitized and challenged mice (FIG. 2B). Immunohistochemicalanalysis of jejunal tissues revealed that Runx3 protein was mainlyexpressed in the lamina propria and levels of expression were decreasedby 3-fold in PE sensitized and challenged mice (FIG. 2C).

Example 3

This example demonstrates inhibition of Pim1 kinase can attenuatePE-induced intestinal responses in vivo.

Based on the data showing increased levels of Pim1 mRNA and protein inthe jejunum after peanut sensitization and challenge in wild-type (WT)mice, it was thought that Pim1 plays an essential role in thedevelopment of intestinal allergy. Whether inhibition of Pim1 kinasealters the severity of PE-induced intestinal allergy using the smallmolecule inhibitor, AR460770 was determined. Sensitized mice were giventhe inhibitor twice daily by mouth during the 7 days of PE challenge.AR460770 administration resulted in a dose-dependent inhibitory effecton peanut-induced intestinal allergy induction; 30-100 mg/kg AR460770prevented development of diarrhea and symptoms in PE sensitized andchallenged mice (FIGS. 3A, 3B).

As mast cells were shown to be involved in the response to PEsensitization and challenge (Wang, M., et al. 2010. J. Allergy Clin.Immunol. 126:306-316), mast cell degranulation by quantitating plasmalevels of histamine within 30 minutes of the last challenge weremonitored. Levels of histamine in AR460770 (30 and 100 mg/kg)-treatedmice were significantly decreased following sensitization and challenge(FIG. 3C).

When administered after sensitization and during challenge, theinhibitor had no effect on peanut-specific antibody production as shownby unaltered levels of serum peanut-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a.

AR460770 inhibited mast cell and eosinophil accumulation and goblet cellmetaplasia in the small intestinal tissues in a dose-dependent manner.PE sensitized and challenged mice treated with AR460770 at a dose of30-100 mg/kg demonstrated markedly reduced numbers of mast cells,eosinophils, and PAS⁺ goblet cells in the mucosa of the small intestine.The small intestine lamina propria in the sham sensitized groupcontained few CD4 and CD8 T cells. These numbers were significantlyincreased in the untreated PE sensitized and challenged group andreduced to baseline levels in the treated (100 mg/kg) group (FIG. 3G).

Collectively, these results show that Pim1 kinase activation plays anessential role in enhancing allergic diarrhea, intestinal inflammation,and goblet cell metaplasia.

Example 4

This example shows that Pim1 kinase can regulate IL-13 and IL-17production.

In addition to Th2 cells, Th17 cells have been implicated in allergicdisease (Tesmer, L. A., et al. 2008. Immunol. Rev 223:87-113; Kolls J.K., et al. 2004. Immunity 21:467-476; Lajoie, S., et al. 2010. NatImmunol. 11:928-935). The effect of Pim1 kinase inhibition in vivo onTh2 and Th17 cytokine levels were examined. After 7 days of PEchallenges, intestinal tissue from sensitized mice demonstratedsignificant increases in IL4, IL6, IL13, and IL17A but not IFNG mRNAexpression (FIG. 4A). After treatment with AR460770, mRNA expressionlevels for these cytokines returned to control levels. The levels of thekey transcription factors regulating differentiation were also assessed.The expression levels of GATA3, NFATc1, and RORγt mRNA were alsosignificantly increased in PE sensitized and challenged mice while IFNG,T-bet, and ROG mRNA levels were not altered (FIG. 4B). Followingtreatment with the inhibitor, these increased levels also returned tocontrol levels.

To assess the impact of Pim1 kinase inhibition on T lymphocyte cytokineproduction, MLN CD4 T cells were isolated from mice treated with theinhibitor or vehicle and stimulated them with anti-CD3/anti-CD28. PEsensitization and challenge resulted in significant increases in thenumbers of IL-4-, IL-13- and IL-17A-producing CD4 T cells (FIG. 4C).Mice treated with the inhibitor exhibited a 2-4-fold decrease in thenumbers of these CD4 cytokine-producing cells. The percentages ofCD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ cells were not altered by sensitization and challenge ortreatment with the inhibitor.

Example 5

This example demonstrates that Pim1 can regulate Runx3 transcriptionfactor expression.

In view of reports that Runx3 plays a critical role in the T cellresponse to antigen (Collins, A., et al. 2009. Nat. Rev. Immunol.9:106-115) and has been linked to Pim1 kinase activation (Aho, T. L., etal. 2006. BMC Cell Biol. 7:21-29), inhibition of Pim1 kinase affectingRunx3 expression was determined. Protein was extracted from jejunaltissues and western blot analysis showed a decrease in levels of Runx3in PE sensitized and challenged mice (FIG. 5A). In mice treated withAR460770, the levels of Runx3 were restored to baseline levels. Inparallel, levels of Runx3 and Cbfβ mRNA were also decreased in the PEsensitized and challenged mouse tissue and these levels were restored tocontrol values following treatment with the inhibitor (FIGS. 5B and 5D).Runx3 protein expression was decreased in the jejunum of PE sensitizedand challenged mice but was similarly restored after treatment with theinhibitor (FIG. 5C). Taken together, these data indicated that PEsensitization and challenge resulted in Pim1 activation and Runx3inhibition and the latter could be reversed by inhibition of Pim1.

In addition, Pim1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in the jejunumfollowing peanut sensitization and challenge whereas the levels of Runx3mRNA and protein were significantly decreased. Administration of thePim1 kinase inhibitor (AR770) reduced the incidence of diarrhea in adose-dependent manner. In parallel, mast cell and eosinophilaccumulation and goblet cell metaplasia in the small intestinal tissueswere markedly decreased. Mesenteric lymph node and small intestine Th2and Th17 cytokine production were also significantly decreased. Incontrast, mice treated with the Pim1 kinase inhibitor (AR770) hadincreased levels of Runx3 mRNA and protein in the small intestine. Invitro, the Pim1 kinase inhibitor repressed Th2 and Th17 but not Th1 celldifferentiation and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner andenhanced Runx3 expression in Th2 cell differentiation.

Example 6

This example demonstrates the effects of Pim1 kinase inhibition on Th1,Th2 and Th17 cell differentiation and Runx3 expression in vitro.

Considering the effects of AR460770 on Runx3 and Th2/Th17 cytokineproduction in vivo, the effect of Pim1 kinase inhibition on Runx3expression and T cell differentiation and function in vitro wasdetermined. Isolated naive CD4⁺CD45RB⁺ T cells were cultured under Th1,Th2, and Th17 polarizing conditions in the presence or absence of theinhibitor for 6 days and then stimulated with the combination ofanti-CD3/anti-CD28. The Pim1 kinase inhibitor suppressed Th2 and Th17cell expansion in a dose-dependent manner; 0.1-1 μM AR460770 inhibitedcell number increases (FIG. 6A) and Th2 and Th17 cell proliferationassessed by ³H-thymidine incorporation (FIG. 6B); Th1 cell expansion wasnot significantly affected. In parallel, the levels of Th2 and Th17cytokines in the polarized T cell cultures (IL-4, IL-13, and IL-17A,respectively) were decreased in the presence of 1 μM AR460770 (FIG. 6C);levels of IFN-γ were not affected by the inhibitor. These effects werenot due to altered cell viability.

In the polarized T cell cultures the effects of AR460770 on theexpression of Runx3 and lineage-specific transcription factors wasdetermined by quantitative RT-PCR. In polarized Th2 cultures treatedwith the inhibitor, Runx3 mRNA expression was upregulated compared tovehicle treatment (FIG. 6D). Runx3 protein levels were also increased inpolarized Th2 cells (FIG. 6E). Similar results were seen in Th17polarized cells. In parallel, levels of IL13 and GATA3, and IL17A andRORγt mRNA expression were also decreased in Th2 and Th17 cells,respectively (FIG. 6D). No effects were detected in Th1 cells. Thesedata demonstrated that inhibition of Pim1 kinase impacts Th2 and Th17but not Th1 differentiation and promoted expression of Runx3. Thus, Pim1kinase functions as a positive regulator for Th2 and Th17differentiation and expansion and as a negative regulator of Runx3expression.

Example 7

This example demonstrates a Pim1 kinase inhibitor and treatment in vivo.

To determine the role of Pim1 kinase in the development ofallergen-induced AHR and airway inflammation, a small molecule Pim1kinase inhibitor, AR460770 (ARRAY Biopharma, Boulder, Colo.) was used.The inhibitor was tested at 10 mM against 230 kinases in enzymaticassays (Millipore Kinase Profiler, Millipore, Billerica, Mass.) andshown to be selective for the three PIM isoforms (Table 1). CellularIC₅₀ for Pim kinase inhibition were determined by assessing Ser112phosphorylation of transiently infected Bad in HEK 293 cells engineeredto express Pim1, Pim2 or Pim3 (Fainaru, O., et al. 2005. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 102:10598-10603) (Table 2). Sensitized mice wereadministered the inhibitor twice daily by mouth (1-100 mg/kg) or vehicle(50 mM citric buffer, pH 4.0) during the 7 days of PE challenge. Todetermine the concentration of AR460770 achieved at the doses used, asatellite group of mice were dosed in a similar fashion and on day 30plasma was collected 2 hrs after the last dose (peak level). Compoundlevels were determined to be 17, 124, 180, and 1100 nM at doses of 1,10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, respectively (data not shown). Based on thecellular activity of AR460770 (Table 2), Pim1 inhibition should beattained at all but the 1-10 mg/kg dose, inhibition of Pim3 would beachieved only at the 100 mg/kg dose and there should be no inhibition ofPim2 at any dose tested.

TABLE 1 Characterization of PIM inhibitor AR00460770 Kinase Enzyme IC₅₀(nm) Pim-1 Proto-oncogene serine/ 0.300 threonine-protein kinase Pim-271 Pim-3 4 PASK proline-alanine-rich STE20- 62 related kinase TNK2tyrosine kinase, non- 3000 receptor2 CAMK2γ Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent6000 protein kinase II gamma Flt3 fms-like tyrosine kinase >10000receptor-3 PDGFR Platelet-derived growth >10000 factor receptors MARK1MAP/microtubule affinity- >10000 regulating kinase 1 CAMK2βCa²⁺/calmodulin-dependent >10000 protein kinase II beta AMPK5′AMP-activated protein >10000 kinase RSK ribosomal s6 kinase >10000AR00460770 was tested at 10 μM against 230 kinases in enzymatic assays(Millipore KinaseProfiler). It was determined to be selective for the 3PIM isoforms.

TABLE 2 Cellular IC50s for PIM Inhibition PIM1 PIM2 PIM3 AR00460770 939200 340Cellular IC₅₀s for PIM inhibition were determined for AR00460770 byassessing Ser112 phosphorylation of transiently transfected BAD in HEKcell lines engineered to express PIM1, PIM2 or PIM3. Cellular IC₅₀s innM are shown.

Materials and Methods for Examples 8-12 below

Animals: Female BALB/c mice, 8-12 weeks of age and free of pathogenswere purchased from The Harlan Laboratory (Indianapolis, Ind.). Theanimals were maintained on an OVA-free diet. Experiments were conductedunder a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and UseCommittee of National Jewish Health.

Sensitization and challenge with allergen: The experimental protocol forsensitization and primary and secondary challenge to allergen utilizeddescribed procedures (Takeda, K., et al. 2005. Eur. Respir. J.26:577-585). Briefly, in the primary allergen challenge protocol, micewere sensitized by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 20 μg of OVA(Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.) emulsified in 2.0 mg alum(AlumImuject: Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) on days 1 and 14 followed byaerosolized OVA challenge (1% in saline for 20 minutes) on days 28, 29,and 30. The control mice were sensitized with PBS followed by OVAchallenge in the same way. In the secondary allergen challenge protocol,mice were sensitized with 10 μg of OVA with alum on days 1 and 7followed by 0.2% OVA challenge on days 14 to 16 (primary allergenchallenge). Fourteen days after the last primary allergen challenge,mice were challenged again with 1% OVA for 20 minutes (secondaryallergen challenge). A group of mice were sensitized with PBS followedby primary and secondary challenge with OVA. In all groups, assays werecarried out 48 hrs after the last allergen challenge.

Pim kinase inhibitor treatment: To determine the role of Pim1 kinase inthe development of allergen-induced AHR and airway inflammation, thePim1 kinase inhibitor, AR00460770 (ARRAY Biopharma, Boulder, Colo.). Tocharacterize AR00460770 in vitro, the cellular half maximal inhibitoryconcentration (IC₅₀) and kinase selectivity assays were determined.Cellular IC₅₀ of AR00460770 was analyzed by Ser112 phosphorylation oftransiently transfected BAD in HEK-293 cell lines engineered to expresshuman Pim1 and Pim2 (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.) and rat Pim3 (ArrayBioPharma, Boulder, Colo.) in conjunction with a DNA vector constructdirecting the expression of the Pim kinase substrate GST-BAD(pEBG-mBAD). Cells were treated with serial dilutions of AR00460770 for1.5 hrs and then labeled with an antibody specific for phospho-BAD(Ser112) and an antibody against GST (Cell Signaling Technology,Danvers, Mass.) as a normalization control. Immunoreactivity wasdetected using IR fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies andquantified on the imager (Aerius, LI-COR, Lincoln, Nebr.). The kinaseselectivity of AR00460770 was evaluated using the KinaseProfiler service(Millipore) (Lopez-Ramos, M., et al. 2010. FASEB J. 24:3171-3185; YanBin, et al. 2003. J. Biol. Chem. 278:45358-45367; Fox, C. J., et al.2003. Genes Dev. 17:1841-1854). The properties and specificity of theinhibitor are described in Tables 1 and 2.

Western blot analysis: Lung tissues were homogenized, lysates cleared ofdebris and resuspended in an equal volume of 2× Lamelli buffer. Lysateswere loaded onto a 4-10% gradient reducing gel, subjected toelectrophoresis, and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Themembranes were blotted with goat anti-Pim1 (Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz,Calif.) and rabbit anti-GAPDH (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.),anti-goat IgG (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and anti-rabbit IgG(Rockland, Gilbertson, Pa.). Images were captured and quantitativelyanalyzed using the Odyssey infrared imager (Li-cor, Lincoln, Nebr.).Assessment of airway function: Airway responsiveness was assessed aspreviously described by measuring changes in airway resistance inresponse to increasing doses of inhaled methacholine (MCh,Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) in anesthetized and ventilated mice(Takeda, K., et al. 1997. J. Exp. Med. 186:449-454). The values of peakairway responses to inhaled MCh were recorded.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung histology: Lungs were lavaged with1 ml of Hanks balanced salt solution through the trachea immediatelyafter assessment of AHR. Numbers of total leukocyte were counted with ahemocytometer and cell differentiation was performed on the cytospinslides prepared with Wright-Giemsa stain. The numbers of inflammatoryand mucus-containing cells were quantitated as described (Tomkinson, A.,et al. 2001. Am J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 163:721-730).

Measurement of cytokines: Cytokine levels in the BAL fluid and cellculture supernatants were measured by ELISA as described (Tomkinson, A.,et al. 2001. Am J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 163:721-730).

Isolation of lung mononuclear cells (MNCs) and flow cytometry: Lung MNCswere isolated as described previously using collagenase digestion andcell composition identified as described (Oshiba, A., et al. 1996. J.Clin Invest. 97:1398-1408).

CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell purification and cell proliferation assay:Purification of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells was conducted as described(Miyahara, N., et al. 2004. J. Immunol. 172:2549-2558). Purity of CD4⁺and CD8⁺ T cell populations exceeded 95% as assessed by flow cytometry.

In cell proliferation assays, an anti-mouse CD3e mAb (5 μg/mL; R&DSystems, Minneapolis, Minn.) was immobilized on 96-well flat-bottomplates overnight at 4° C. Purified CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells incubated withinhibitor or PBS as vehicle, (2×10⁵ cells/well) and anti-CD28 mAb (5μg/mL, R&D Systems) were added to the anti-CD3-precoated plates andincubated at 37° C. for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs, 1 μCi tritium-labeledthymidine per well (PerkinElmer, Boston, Mass.) was added to 96-wellplates for 6 hrs and harvested with distilled water followed by countingin a microplate scintillation and luminescence counter (Packard,Meriden, Conn.). Cell viability of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells was assessed 24hrs after incubation with 10 μM of inhibitor by a vital stain withtrypan blue and determined using an automated cell counter (Countess,Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).

Statistical analysis: Results were expressed as the mean±SEM. The t testwas used to determine differences between the two groups. Forcomparisons between multiple groups, the Tukey-Kramer test was used.Nonparametric analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallistest was also used to confirm that the statistical differences remainedsignificant even if the underlying distribution was uncertain.Differences were regarded as statistically significant when the p-valuewas lower than 0.05.

Example 8

This example demonstrates that lung Pim1 kinase levels can be increasedafter sensitization and challenge with allergen.

To determine the importance of Pim1 kinase following allergen challenge,protein expression levels of Pim1 kinase in lung tissue after OVAchallenge of sensitized mice was determined. Pim1 expression levels inOVA sensitized mice were markedly increased following OVA challengecompared with levels seen in non-sensitized, challenged only mice. Thisupregulation was detected in OVA sensitized mice 6 hrs after the secondOVA challenge, and remained high up to 24 hrs after the third OVAchallenge (FIGS. 7A and 7B).

Example 9

This example shows Pim1 kinase inhibitor treatment can preventdevelopment of AHR and airway inflammation following primary allergenchallenge.

To determine the effect of Pim1 kinase inhibitor treatment onallergen-induced airway inflammation and AHR, mice were treated with theinhibitor or vehicle during the OVA challenge phase in the primaryallergen challenge model. As shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, vehicle-treatedmice developed higher airway responses to MCh and eosinophil numbers inBAL fluid following sensitization and challenge with OVA compared tosham-sensitized, OVA challenged mice. Mice treated with the Pim1inhibitor at doses of 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg developed significantly lowerairway responsiveness to inhaled MCh and lower BAL eosinophil numberscompared to the vehicle-treated group. Sham-sensitized but OVAchallenged mice were treated with 100 mg/kg of the inhibitor to assesspotential effects on smooth muscle contraction. Treatment with theinhibitor in this way did not alter the development of increasing RL toincreasing concentrations of inhaled MCh.

As shown in FIG. 8C, inhibitor treatment of sensitized and challengedmice reduced the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ in BAL fluid ina dose-dependent manner with significant changes seen primarily at thehighest administered dose of the inhibitor (100 mg/kg).

Histopathological analysis of lung tissue sections revealed that thenumbers of inflammatory cells, including eosinophils in theperibronchial and perivascular areas, were increased in mice after OVAsensitization and challenge compared to sham-sensitized and challengedmice (FIG. 8D). Similarly, the numbers of PAS⁺ mucus-containing gobletcells were increased in the sensitized and challenged mice (FIG. 8E).Administration of the inhibitor significantly decreased the numbers ofinflammatory cells and PAS⁺ mucus-containing goblet cells in the lungtissues in a dose-dependent manner (FIG. 8E).

Example 10

This example shows inhibition of Pim1 kinase can attenuate developmentof AHR and airway inflammation in the secondary allergen challengemodel.

The airway responses in the primary allergen challenge model reflect thefirst immune responses in the lungs, where adaptive immunity isinitiated in response to airborne allergen exposure. For the most part,asthmatics have already developed allergic airway inflammation andairway dysfunction prior to initiation of treatment; immune responses toallergen and tissue remodeling of the airways are generally alreadyestablished. The secondary allergen challenge model is an approach toexamine the response to allergen provocation where allergen-inducedairway inflammation has been previously established. To determine theeffects of Pim1 kinase inhibition in the secondary allergen challengemodel, AHR, cell composition, and cytokine levels in BAL fluid wasmeasured 48 hrs after a single provocative allergen challenge. As in theprimary allergen challenge model, vehicle-treated mice developedsignificantly higher airway responsiveness to MCh and eosinophils in BALfluid following OVA sensitization and secondary allergen challenge.Similar to the results observed in the primary allergen challenge model,treatment with the Pim1 kinase inhibitor (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg)significantly decreased levels of airway responsiveness and the numberof eosinophils in BAL fluid in a dose-dependent manner compared to thevehicle-treated groups (FIGS. 9A and 9B). Assays of BAL cytokine levelsdemonstrated that IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-g were decreased in Pim1kinase inhibitor (100 mg/kg)-treated mice that had been sensitized andchallenged with OVA (FIG. 9C). Histopathological analysis revealed thatPim1 kinase inhibition decreased numbers of inflammatory cell in thelungs and goblet cell metaplasia along the airways (FIG. 9D).

Example 11

This example demonstrates that a decrease of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells inthe lungs of sensitized and challenged mice follows treatment with thePim1 kinase inhibitor.

As both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells are potent effector cells in thedevelopment of allergic inflammation, their numbers were examined afterinhibitor treatment in sensitized and challenged mice. Lungs from OVAsensitized and challenged mice which received either inhibitor orvehicle were excised and lung MNCs were purified. Numbers of CD4⁺ andCD8⁺ T cells were determined by flow cytometry. As shown in FIG. 10, theoverall number of CD4⁺ T cells was significantly lower in theinhibitor-treated mice (1.48±0.26×10⁶ cells/lung vs. 3.09±0.35×10⁶cells/lung in vehicle-treated mice). CD8⁺ T cells were also decreasedfollowing Pim1 kinase inhibition from 0.57±0.21×10⁶ cells/lung to0.29±0.06×10⁶ cells/lung. These results demonstrate that Pim1 kinaseinhibition in vivo reduces the numbers of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells thataccumulate in the lungs of sensitized and challenged mice.

Example 12

This example shows a reduction of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell proliferation andcytokine production in vitro following Pim1 kinase inhibitor treatmentcan occur.

To examine the proliferative capacity of T cells following inhibition ofPim 1 kinase, CD4 and CD8 T cells were isolated and purified from spleenand incubated with a combination of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 for 24 hrs.Cell viabilities of CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells were determined in the presenceof 10 mM of the inhibitor. After 24 hrs, inhibitor treatment did notshow significant effects on cell viabilities compared to vehicle control(from 90.0 to 90.3% in CD4+ T cells and from 80.2-82.8% in CD8+ T cells,respectively). In a dose-dependent manner, the Pim1 kinase inhibitorreduced CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell proliferation triggered by the combinationof anti-CD3/anti-CD28. In stimulated cell cultures, increased levels ofIL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-g were detected. Treatment with the inhibitordecreased the levels of all of these cytokines in a dose-dependentfashion (FIGS. 11A, 11B and 11C).

The foregoing description of the present invention has been presentedfor purposes of illustration. The description is not intended to limitthe invention to the form disclosed herein. Consequently, variations andmodifications commensurate with the above teachings, and the skill orknowledge of the relevant art, are within the scope of the presentinvention. The embodiments described hereinabove are further intended toexplain the best mode known for practicing the invention and to enableothers skilled in the art to utilize the invention in such, or other,embodiments and with various modifications required by the particularapplications or uses of the present invention. It is intended that theappended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments to theextent permitted by the prior art. Each publication and reference citedherein is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

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1. A method to treat an allergic condition in a subject who has or is atrisk of having an allergic condition, comprising administering to thesubject a composition that inhibits Pim1 kinase.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein the allergic condition is selected from the group consistingof allergic rhinitis, asthma, airway hyperresponsiveness, airwayinflammation, a food allergy, eosinophilic esophagitis, chronicurticaria, atopic dermatitis, occupational allergy, allergicconjunctivitis, hay fever, airborne allergic sensitivities, stinginginsect allergy, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic lungdiseases, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn'sdisease and drug allergies.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein theallergic condition is asthma.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein theallergic condition is rhinitis.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein theallergic condition is a food allergy.
 6. The method of claim 5, whereinthe food allergy is a peanut allergy.
 7. The method of claim 1, whereinthe subject has been sensitized to an allergen and has been exposed to,or is at risk of being exposed to, the allergen.
 8. The method of claim7, wherein the allergen is selected from the group consisting of a food,a plant, a gas, a pathogen, a metal, a glue and a drug.
 9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the composition comprises a compound selected from thegroup consisting of a small molecule inhibitor, an antibody, a chemicalentity, a nucleotide, a peptide, and a protein.
 10. The method of claim1, wherein the composition comprises a small molecule inhibitor.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the small molecule inhibitor is a Pim1kinase inhibitor.
 12. Then method of claim 11, wherein the Pim1 kinaseinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of AR460770, AR440,SimI4A, staurosporine, and bisindolylmaleimide.
 13. The method of claim11, wherein administration of the Pim1 kinase inhibitor inducesexpression of Runx3.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein administrationof the Pim1 kinase inhibitor reduces CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cell proliferation.15. The method of claim 11, wherein administration of the Pim1 kinaseinhibitor suppresses Th2 differentiation.
 16. The method of claim 11,wherein administration of the Pim1 kinase inhibitor suppresses Th17differentiation.
 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition isadministered by a delivery method selected from the group consisting ofaerosol delivery, parenteral delivery and oral delivery.
 18. A method totreat an allergic condition in a subject who has or is at risk of havingan allergic condition, comprising administering to the subject acomposition that induces expression of Runx3.
 19. The method of claim18, wherein the allergic condition is selected from the group consistingof allergic rhinitis, asthma, airway hyperresponsiveness, airwayinflammation, a food allergy, eosinophilic esophagitis, chronicurticaria, atopic dermatitis, occupational allergy, allergicconjunctivitis, hay fever, airborne allergic sensitivities, stinginginsect allergy, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic lungdiseases, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn'sdisease.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the subject has beensensitized to an allergen and has been exposed to, or is at risk ofbeing exposed to, the allergen.
 21. The method of claim 18, wherein theallergen is selected from the group consisting of a food, a plant, agas, a pathogen, a metal, a glue and a drug.
 22. The method of claim 18,wherein the composition interacts with a regulator of Runx3 expression.23. The method of claim 22, wherein the regulator is selected from thegroup consisting of a Pim kinase, CxCL12, core binding factor-beta,transducin-like enhancer protein 1, IL-7, Stat 5, ETS-1 and IRF-4. 24.The method of claim 18, wherein the composition inhibits the activity ofa compound selected from the group consisting of IRF-4 and a Pim kinase.25. The method of claim 24, wherein the Pim kinase is selected from thegroup consisting of Pim1 kinase, Pim2 kinase and Pim3 kinase.
 26. Themethod of claim 18, wherein the composition comprises an IRF-4inhibitor.
 27. The method of claim 18, wherein the composition comprisesa Pim kinase inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Pim1 kinaseinhibitor, Pim2 kinase inhibitor and Pim3 kinase inhibitor.
 28. Themethod of claim 27, wherein the Pim kinase inhibitor is selected fromthe group consisting of AR460770, AR440, SimI4A, staurosporine, andbisindolylmaleimide.
 29. The method of claim 18, wherein the compositionactivates the activity of a compound selected from the group consistingof CxCL12, core binding factor-beta, transducin-like enhancer protein 1,IL-7, Stat 5, and ETS-1.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein thecomposition comprises an activator selected from the group consisting ofG proteins, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), JAK kinases, RhoGTPases, and focal adhesion-associated proteins.
 31. The method of claim18, wherein the composition comprises a compound selected from the groupconsisting of a small molecule inhibitor, an antibody, a chemicalentity, a nucleotide, a peptide and a protein.
 32. A method to treat anallergic condition in a subject who has or is at risk of having anallergic condition, comprising administering to the subject acomposition that inhibits expression of Pim1 kinase, wherein theallergic condition does not comprise a pulmonary condition.
 33. Themethod of claim 32, wherein the allergic condition is selected from thegroup consisting of a food allergy, eosinophilic esophagitis, chronicurticaria, atopic dermatitis, occupational allergy, allergicconjunctivitis, airborne allergic sensitivities, stinging insectallergy, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's diseaseand drug allergies.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the allergiccondition is a food allergy.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein thefood allergy is a peanut allergy.
 36. The method of claim 32, whereinthe subject has been sensitized to an allergen and has been exposed to,or is at risk of being exposed to, the allergen.
 37. The method of claim36, wherein the allergen is selected from the group consisting of afood, a plant, a gas, a pathogen, a metal, a glue and a drug.
 38. Themethod of claim 32, wherein the composition comprises a compoundselected from the group consisting of a small molecule inhibitor, anantibody, a chemical entity, a nucleotide, a peptide, and a protein. 39.The method of claim 32, wherein the composition comprises a smallmolecule inhibitor.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the smallmolecule inhibitor is a Pim1 kinase inhibitor.
 41. Then method of claim40, wherein the Pim1 kinase inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of AR460770, AR440, SimI4A, staurosporine, andbisindolylmaleimide.
 42. The method of claim 40, wherein administrationof the Pim1 kinase inhibitor induces expression of Runx3.
 43. The methodof claim 40, wherein administration of the Pim1 kinase inhibitor reducesCD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cell proliferation.
 44. The method of claim 40, whereinadministration of the Pim1 kinase inhibitor suppresses Th2differentiation.
 45. The method of claim 40, wherein administration ofthe Pim1 kinase inhibitor suppresses Th17 differentiation.
 46. Themethod of claim 32, wherein the composition is administered by adelivery method selected from the group consisting of aerosol delivery,parenteral delivery and oral delivery.
 47. A method to treat an allergiccondition in a subject who has or is at risk of having an allergiccondition, comprising administering to the subject a composition thatinduces expression of Runx3, wherein the composition does not comprise aPim kinase inhibitor.
 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the allergiccondition is selected from the group consisting of allergic rhinitis,asthma, airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, food allergy,eosinophilic esophagitis, chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis,occupational allergy, allergic conjunctivitis, hay fever, airborneallergic sensitivities, stinging insect allergy, hypersensitivitypneumonitis, eosinophilic lung diseases, inflammatory bowel disease,ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease.
 49. The method of claim 47,wherein the subject has been sensitized to an allergen and has beenexposed to, or is at risk of being exposed to, the allergen.
 50. Themethod of claim 47, wherein the allergen is selected from the groupconsisting of a food, a plant, a gas, a pathogen, a metal, a glue and adrug.
 51. The method of claim 47, wherein the composition interacts witha regulator of Runx3 expression.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein theregulator is selected from the group consisting of CxCL12, core bindingfactor-beta, transducin-like enhancer protein 1, IL-7, Stat 5, ETS-1 andIRF-4.
 53. The method of claim 47, wherein the composition inhibits theactivity of IRF-4.
 54. The method of claim 47, wherein the compositioncomprises an IRF-4 inhibitor.
 55. The method of claim 47, wherein thecomposition activates the activity of a compound selected from the groupconsisting of CxCL12, core binding factor-beta, transducin-like enhancerprotein 1, IL-7, Stat 5, and ETS-1.
 56. The method of claim 55, whereinthe composition comprises an activator selected from the groupconsisting of G proteins, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), JAKkinases, Rho GTPases, and focal adhesion-associated proteins.
 57. Themethod of claim 47, wherein the composition comprises a compoundselected from the group consisting of a small molecule inhibitor, anantibody, a chemical entity, a nucleotide, a peptide and a protein.